Amlodipine Besylate and Ropivacaine Hydrochloride

• Generic Name: amlodipine
• Dosage Forms: n.a.
• Other Brand Names: Katerzia, Norvasc

Management of hypertension (alone or in combination with other classes of antihypertensive agents); may be used in fixed combination with benazepril, olmesartan, olmesartan and hydrochlorothiazide, perindopril, telmisartan, valsartan, or valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide when such combined therapy is indicated.

Calcium-channel blockers are recommended as one of several preferred agents for the initial management of hypertension according to current evidence-based hypertension guidelines; other preferred options include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and thiazide diuretics. While there may be individual differences with respect to recommendations for initial drug selection and use in specific patient populations, current evidence indicates that these antihypertensive drug classes all generally produce comparable effects on overall mortality and cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal outcomes.

Individualize choice of therapy; consider patient characteristics (e.g., age, ethnicity/race, comorbidities, cardiovascular risk) as well as drug-related factors (e.g., ease of administration, availability, adverse effects, cost).

A 2017 ACC/AHA multidisciplinary hypertension guideline classifies BP in adults into 4 categories: normal, elevated, stage 1 hypertension, and stage 2 hypertension.

Source: Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018;71:e13-115.

Individuals with SBP and DBP in 2 different categories (e.g., elevated SBP and normal DBP) should be designated as being in the higher BP category (i.e., elevated BP).

The goal of hypertension management and prevention is to achieve and maintain optimal control of BP. However, the BP thresholds used to define hypertension, the optimum BP threshold at which to initiate antihypertensive drug therapy, and the ideal target BP values remain controversial.

The 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guideline generally recommends a target BP goal (i.e., BP to achieve with drug therapy and/or nonpharmacologic intervention) <130/80 mm Hg in all adults regardless of comorbidities or level of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. In addition, an SBP goal of <130 mm Hg generally is recommended for noninstitutionalized ambulatory patients ≥65 years of age with an average SBP of ≥130 mm Hg. These BP goals are based upon clinical studies demonstrating continuing reduction of cardiovascular risk at progressively lower levels of SBP.

Previous hypertension guidelines generally have based target BP goals on age and comorbidities. Guidelines such as those issued by the JNC 8 expert panel generally have targeted a BP goal of <140/90 mm Hg regardless of cardiovascular risk, and have used higher BP thresholds and target BPs in elderly patients compared with those recommended by the 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guideline.

Some clinicians continue to support previous target BPs recommended by JNC 8 due to concerns about the lack of generalizability of data from some clinical trials (e.g., SPRINT study) used to support the current ACC/AHA hypertension guideline and potential harms (e.g., adverse drug effects, costs of therapy) versus benefits of BP lowering in patients at lower risk of cardiovascular disease.

Consider potential benefits of hypertension management and drug cost, adverse effects, and risks associated with the use of multiple antihypertensive drugs when deciding a patient’s BP treatment goal.

For decisions regarding when to initiate drug therapy (BP threshold), the current ACC/AHA hypertension guideline incorporates underlying cardiovascular risk factors. ASCVD risk assessment recommended by ACC/AHA for all adults with hypertension.

ACC/AHA currently recommend initiation of antihypertensive drug therapy in addition to lifestyle/behavioral modifications at an SBP ≥140 mm Hg or DBP ≥90 mm Hg in adults who have no history of cardiovascular disease (i.e., primary prevention) and a low ASCVD risk (10-year risk <10%).

For secondary prevention in patients with known cardiovascular disease or for primary prevention in those at higher risk for ASCVD (10-year risk ≥10%), ACC/AHA recommend initiation of antihypertensive drug therapy at an average SBP ≥130 mm Hg or an average DBP ≥80 mm Hg.

Adults with hypertension and diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD), or age ≥65 years of age are assumed to be at high risk for cardiovascular disease; ACC/AHA state that such patients should have antihypertensive drug therapy initiated at a BP ≥130/80 mm Hg. Individualize drug therapy in patients with hypertension and underlying cardiovascular or other risk factors.

In stage 1 hypertension, experts state that it is reasonable to initiate drug therapy using the stepped-care approach in which one drug is initiated and titrated and other drugs are added sequentially to achieve the target BP. Initiation of antihypertensive therapy with 2 first-line agents from different pharmacologic classes recommended in adults with stage 2 hypertension and average BP >20/10 mm Hg above BP goal.

Calcium-channel blockers may be preferred in hypertensive patients with certain coexisting conditions (e.g., ischemic heart disease) and in geriatric patients, including those with isolated systolic hypertension.

Black hypertensive patients generally respond better to monotherapy with calcium-channel blockers or thiazide diuretics than to other antihypertensive drug classes (e.g., ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists). However, the combination of an ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor antagonist with a calcium-channel blocker or thiazide diuretic produces similar BP lowering in black patients as in other racial groups.

Amlodipine should not be used for acute management of hypertensive crises.

Addition of an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor antagonist may reduce incidence of amlodipine-associated edema.

May use amlodipine/atorvastatin fixed-combination preparation when treatment with both amlodipine (for hypertension) and atorvastatin (for dyslipidemias and prevention of cardiovascular events) is appropriate.

CAD

Amlodipine is used for management of Prinzmetal variant angina and chronic stable angina pectoris; has been used alone or in combination with other antianginal agents. Calcium-channel blockers are considered the drugs of choice in management of Prinzmetal variant angina.

Amlodipine is used in patients with recently documented CAD (by angiography) and without heart failure or an ejection fraction <40% to reduce the risk of coronary revascularization procedure and hospitalization due to angina.

May use amlodipine/atorvastatin fixed-combination preparation when treatment with both amlodipine (for CAD) and atorvastatin (for dyslipidemias and prevention of cardiovascular events) is appropriate.

• Generic Name: ropivacaine
• Dosage Forms: n.a.
• Other Brand Names: Naropin, Naropin Polyamp, Naropin SDV, Naropin Novaplus

Local or regional anesthesia for surgery (including cesarean section) and management of acute pain (e.g., postoperative pain, labor pain).

Used as a component of multimodal analgesia (i.e., simultaneous use of a combination of analgesic drugs and techniques that target different mechanisms) in the management of postoperative pain.

Compared with bupivacaine, generally has a similar onset and duration of sensory block, but a lower intensity and shorter duration of motor block. Appears to have a lower potential for CNS and cardiovascular toxicity than bupivacaine.

Not recommended for obstetrical paracervical block, retrobulbar block for ophthalmic surgery, spinal anesthesia (subarachnoid block), or IV regional anesthesia (Bier block) because of lack of clinical experience and/or risk of toxicity.