Aspirin and Epinephrine

• Generic Name: aspirin
• Dosage Forms: n.a.
• Other Brand Names: Arthritis Pain, Aspir 81, Aspir-Low, Bayer Childrens Aspirin, Durlaza, Ecotrin, Ecpirin, Fasprin, Halfprin, Miniprin, Aspiritab, Bayer, Bayer Low Strength, Bayer Children's, St. Joseph 81 mg Adult

Aspirin is a salicylate (sa-LIS-il-ate). It works by reducing substances in the body that cause pain, fever, and inflammation.

Aspirin is used to treat pain, and reduce fever or inflammation. It is sometimes used to treat or prevent heart attacks, strokes, and chest pain (angina).

Aspirin should be used for cardiovascular conditions only under the supervision of a doctor.

• Generic Name: epinephrine
• Dosage Forms: n.a.
• Other Brand Names: Adrenalin, Auvi-Q, Epinephrinesnap-EMS, EpiPen 2-Pak, EpiPen JR 2-Pak, EPIsnap, Symjepi, Primatene Mist Inhaler, Auvi-Q Auto-injector, Adrenaclick, EpiPen, Twinject, Primatene Mist

Drug of choice in the emergency treatment of severe acute anaphylactic reactions, including anaphylactic shock.

Used to relieve anaphylactic symptoms (e.g., urticaria, pruritus, angioedema, hypotension, respiratory distress) caused by reactions to drugs, contrast media, insect stings, foods (e.g., milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, peanuts, tree nuts), latex, or other allergens; also used for idiopathic or exercise-induced anaphylaxis.

Administer immediately by IM injection as soon as anaphylaxis is diagnosed or strongly suspected.

Administration by IM injection preferred, mainly because of safety considerations. However, IV administration may be necessary in extreme situations (e.g., anaphylactic shock, cardiac arrest, unresponsive or severely hypotensive patients who have failed to respond to multiple IM injections). Close hemodynamic monitoring is recommended during IV administration.

Also used for its vasopressor effects in the treatment of anaphylactic shock and cardiac arrest associated with anaphylaxis.

Manage cardiac arrest secondary to anaphylaxis with standard ACLS measures; consider alternative vasoactive drugs (e.g., vasopressin, norepinephrine) in patients who do not respond to epinephrine. (See ACLS and Cardiac Arrhythmias under Uses.) Consider other interventions (e.g., antihistamines, inhaled β2-adrenergic agents, IV corticosteroids) as clinically indicated.

Risk of paradoxical response to epinephrine in patients receiving β-adrenergic blocking agents; consider glucagon and/or ipratropium for treatment of anaphylaxis in these patients.

Used for its α-adrenergic effects to increase blood flow and facilitate return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) during cardiac arrest. Principal benefits of the drug result from increases in aortic diastolic blood pressure and in coronary and cerebral blood flow during resuscitation.

High-quality CPR and defibrillation are the only proven interventions to increase survival to hospital discharge in ACLS. Other resuscitative efforts, including drug therapy, are considered secondary and should be performed without compromising the quality and timely delivery of chest compressions and defibrillation.

Principal goal of pharmacologic therapy during cardiac arrest is to facilitate ROSC, and epinephrine is the drug of choice for this use.

ACLS guidelines state that administration of epinephrine may be reasonable in adults with VF or pulseless VT resistant to initial CPR attempts and at least one defibrillation shock; optimal timing of administration (particularly in relation to defibrillation) not known and may vary based on patient-specific factors and resuscitation conditions. In adults with asystole or pulseless electrical activity (PEA), epinephrine may be administered as soon as feasible after onset of cardiac arrest.

Also may be used in the postresuscitation period to optimize BP, cardiac output, and systemic perfusion after ROSC.

Used during the periarrest period for treatment of symptomatic bradycardia in adults; although not a first-line drug, may be considered in patients who are unresponsive to atropine or as a temporizing measure while awaiting availability of a pacemaker.

Also used in the emergency treatment of infants and children with bradycardia and cardiopulmonary compromise (with a palpable pulse) when bradycardia persists despite ventilation, oxygenation, and chest compressions.

Drugs are rarely needed during resuscitation of neonates; because hypoxemia and inadequate lung inflation are common causes of bradycardia, establishing adequate ventilation is the most important corrective measure in these patients.

Also has been used in the treatment of syncope resulting from AV nodal block. However, permanent pacemaker implantation is the treatment of choice for third-degree and advanced second-degree AV nodal block (complete heart block).

Used for treatment of hypotension associated with septic shock, generally as a second-line agent.

The Surviving Sepsis Campaign International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock recommend norepinephrine as the first-line vasopressor of choice in adults with septic shock; if adequate BP not achieved, epinephrine may be added.

Vasopressor therapy is not a substitute for replacement of blood, plasma, fluids, and/or electrolytes. Correct blood volume depletion as fully as possible before administration of epinephrine.

Should not be used in cardiogenic shock (because it increases myocardial oxygen demand) or in hemorrhagic or traumatic shock.

May be added to solutions of some local anesthetics to decrease the rate of vascular absorption (to localize and prolong the duration of anesthesia and decrease the risk of systemic toxicity).

Has been applied topically to control superficial bleeding from arterioles or capillaries in the skin, mucous membranes, or other tissues. Bleeding from larger vessels is not controllable by topical application.

Has been used to relax uterine musculature and inhibit uterine contractions in premature labor (tocolysis); however, the cardiovascular and other adverse effects limit its usefulness. (See Pregnancy under Cautions.) Other β-agonists (e.g., terbutaline) preferred.

Has been used as an oral bronchodilator for symptomatic treatment of asthma. However, an epinephrine preparation for oral inhalation no longer commercially available in US.

While orally inhaled epinephrine was once widely used in the treatment of asthma, the drug has been replaced by more selective and rapid-acting agents (e.g., inhaled β2-adrenergic agonists).

Also has been used IV for treatment of severe asthma exacerbations; however, no evidence that the drug improves outcomes compared with selective inhaled β2-adrenergic agonists.

Has been used as an endoscopic treatment modality (as a dilute solution injected into and around ulcer base) to produce tamponade and achieve hemostasis in patients with acute nonvariceal upper GI bleeding. Should not be used as monotherapy; use in combination with additional treatment modality (e.g., clips, thermocoagulation).